Evaluation of sandy soil stabilized with Tragacanth gum biopolymer for geotechnical applications
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
• TG stabilized sand as a sustainable construction material is evaluated. • The influence factors include TG content, density and time. • UCS improvement ranged from 177 % to 259 %, depending on the dry unit weight. • Cohesion increased up to 562 %, while internal friction angle boosted up to 51 %. • SEM images show formation of biopolymer network, reducing void spaces. Environmentally friendly soil improvement approaches are recently a global interest due to their lower environmental impact compared to traditional stabilizers. The traditional stabilizers, such as cement, contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and soil degradation. Tragacanth Gum (TG), a carbohydrate polymer, is an eco-friendly additive, which offers a more sustainable and less polluting alternative. Only a few studies on the strength behavior of TG stabilized soils have been conducted. This study investigates the effect of TG addition in improving low-strength sandy soil. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS), direct shear, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were carried out on stabilized sandy soil with TG at 0.5 %, 1 %, and 2 % by weight after curing times of 1, 3, and 7 days to evaluate their short-term performance. UCS values increased from 20 kPa to 72 kPa, depending on the dry unit weight of sandy soil. The TG stabilization improved cohesion value from 8 kPa to 53 kPa and internal friction angle from 30.88° to 46.64°, for dry unit weights of 16 and 17 kN/m 3 , respectively. This study shows the prospect of using TG as a greener additive in geotechnical and pavement applications.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it