Effects of altitude on biceps brachii and erector spinae muscles oxygen saturation during basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a simulation study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To assess biceps brachii and erector spinae muscular oxygen saturation (SmO2) by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), during 10 minutes of resuscitation at simulated altitudes of 600, 3000 and 5000 m before and after carrying out a simulation program for adaptation to hypoxia. Performing and maintaining a good-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) at higher altitudes may pose a significant challenge to resuscitators due to decrease in arterial oxygen saturation. This fact adversely effects the quality of resuscitation. Methods: Participants performed 10 minutes of CPR on a mannequin in the laboratory in environments that simulated altitudes. Subsequently, a standardized altitude conditioning protocol was carried out using intermittent hypoxia. The participants performed CPR again under the conditions and altitudes previously referred to. Results: Initial heart rate (HR) at 5000 > 3000 m, and both > 600 m. HR at each altitude was higher conditioning at the end of CPR. The SmO2 of both muscles showed no differences at the beginning and at the end of CPR and was higher in both muscles after the conditioning program before and at the end of CPR. In both muscles, SmO2 values before and after conditioning show a slightly increasing trend during CPR. Conclusion: NIRS use allows developing an optimum training plan. The rescuer will know his limits and optimize his performance. The improvement in physical performance and recovery capacity induced by intermittent hypoxia conditioning programs increases the quality of CPR in prolonged cardiac arrests and in adverse conditions, such as at high altitudes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".