Minimizing the carbon footprint of 3D printing concrete: Leveraging parametric LCA and neural networks through multiobjective optimization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Concrete 3D printing proposes an off-site industrial process allowing to deposit material only where required. However, most mixture design methods struggle to perform, which is why a majority of 3D printing materials display high clinker contents. This study proposes a reproducible methodology for tailor-made 3D printing materials. Applied to a low-clinker quaternary blend, an iterative optimization process leads to a significant reduction of labor in material tuning. It involves life cycle assessment and artificial neural networks as objective functions in the Pareto selection of best-performing solutions. Following the constitution of an 18-mixture database with 6 independent variables and 5 objective functions, printable mortars of different strength classes are designed within 2 to 4 active learning runs. Consequently, this optimum-driven technique allows to rapidly converge toward low-carbon solutions for 3D printing, using local materials and custom characterization procedures. • An approach for reducing CO 2 emissions with optimal printability is presented. • Stochastic multiobjective optimization is leveraged with LCA and neural networks. • Quick convergence toward locally optimal solutions in 10 to 15 mixtures. • 40 MPa 280 kgCO 2 -eq/m 3 composite proves to be suitable for low-carbon 3D printing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".