Endophytic Fungal Secondary Metabolites as Potential Drug Discovery Agents against Antimicrobial Resistance: A Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: The rise of antimicrobial resistance has become a pressing global public health concern, necessitating the exploration of alternative antimicrobial agents. Endophytes have been recognized as a rich source of novel metabolites with potential antimicrobial properties. Aim: To comprehensively review the literature on secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi with antimicrobial activities against priority pathogens. Method: A systematic search was conducted in four electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies that reported the isolation and elucidation of secondary endophyte metabolites with inhibitory effects against clinically relevant bacteria and fungi were included. The Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies. Results: Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria, and 77 specialised metabolites were characterised across the studies. These secondary metabolites exhibited broad-spectrum in vitro growth inhibition against priority pathogens, including bacteria such as E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungi such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus spp. Conclusion: This systematic review provides an overview of the current evidence on secondary endophyte metabolites with antibacterial and antifungal activities. The results highlight the potential of endophytes as a source of new antimicrobial agents.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".