Radicals and Revisionists: Examining the Constitutional Crisis of Charles I
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On January 30th, 1649, Charles I stepped out of his decadent Banqueting House in Whitehall onto a makeshift scaffold before a crowd of silent onlookers. His execution was the culmination of years of warfare and division that consumed England and her territories. Others view the crisis as having links to England’s storied legal past. Some viewed it as a violation of the “ancient constitution” and connected Charles’ reign to that of the Norman kings of the Middle Ages. This paper seeks to answer the question if the constitutional crisis of Charles’ I reign has precedent in England’s legal past. It will argue that contemporaries of the period did see Charles’ actions as a violation of their constitutional rights as free men of England. This view is not carried by most historians and legal scholars who often discount this notion as being dated or “whiggish.” First, this paper will examine the views of contemporaries from the radical Levellers to those of MPs in Parliament. It will be followed by an examination of the historiography covering the period which will weigh the opinions and arguments of historians and legal scholars.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".