Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present the results of an experimental study of buoyancy-driven exchange flows in a vertical pipe, where the lower fluid is Newtonian of low viscosity and the upper fluid has a yield stress. The fluids are initially separated by a gate valve, opened at time $\hat {t}=0$ . The fluids are miscible, but away from the diffusive limit. For a sufficiently large ratio $Y$ , of the yield stress to the buoyancy stress, no sustained fluid motions arise: the flow is stable. For smaller $Y$ numbers an exchange flow results. Commonly, the less dense fluid penetrates upwards in a central finger, displacing the upper fluid downwards around the walls of the pipe. Three regimes are classified: helical finger, disconnected finger and slug flow. The transition between regimes is governed by increasing relevance of inertial to viscous stresses, in balancing buoyancy. The disconnected finger and slug flow regimes are associated with yielded fluid at the interface and early growth of instabilities. Helical fingers are viscous dominated and evolve slowly until late in the experiments. The scenarios studied represent an idealised set-up for the industrial process of plug cementing. The regimes identified are helpful for industrial process design.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".