The formation and cross‐border connectivity of bank branch networks across the Canadian provinces: regional internationalization via interbank networks and foreign trade (1879–1900)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study advances a new approach to investigating the resilience of regional banking systems by reconstructing the co‐evolving branch and interbank networks in post‐Confederation Canada (1879–1900). By digitizing annual banking registers, this study employed a microgeographic approach to constructing a novel longitudinal dataset on city locations and correspondent arrangements of individual branches of Canadian banks. This study uncovered and visualized the divergent growth trajectories of branch and interbank networks across the Canadian provinces, applying network analysis to analyse their structural properties at the city‐bank level. Survival analysis revealed significantly different volatility levels in the branch networks of chartered and private banks induced by the recurrent economic downturns and regulatory changes, as measured with their new venturing and survival rates. Mapping the interbank networks at the branch‐city level revealed a multi‐tier structure of the correspondent system and contributed novel insights into the regional internationalization via cross‐border interbank arrangements and foreign trade flows. With the new branch‐level evidence, this study addresses a major limitation in the extant literature on banking history in Canada, which, to date, was based on fragmented evidence on banks’ branch establishments and interbank networks. This paper offers implications for future research on international banking history, as well as the financial integration of regions and their cross‐border connectivity via interbank networks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".