Design and analysis of a nuclear and wind-based carbon negative potassium hydroxide water-splitting cycle for hydrogen and ammonia production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• A new KOH thermochemical water splitting cycle with carbon capture is developed. • Nuclear-wind energy sources are used to meet the community needs. • In the case study, ammonia is generated for transatlantic export of hydrogen. • The energy and exergy efficiencies of KOH cycle are 45 % and 63 % at 591 °C. • The overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the integrated system are 33 % and 28 %. To achieve the net-zero target, clean energy sources, carbon-free fuels, and carbon capture are crucial pieces. The current study develops a new potassium hydroxide-based thermochemical water-splitting cycle and combines it with an ammonia export facility with community and data center. A sodium fast reactor and an offshore wind farm are considered to drive the integrated system to generate hydrogen, ammonia, electricity, heating and cooling. The proposed thermochemical water-splitting cycle uses 591 °C heat with a non-equilibrium reaction to generate hydrogen. The generated hydrogen is further used for ammonia generation via high-pressure ammonia reactor and pressure swing adsorption for nitrogen extraction from air. In the integration, sodium fast reactor provides the required heat to carry out integrated processes, where in high-temperature heat is distributed between the thermochemical cycle and the Rankine cycle, and the recovered heat is utilized in further processes. The proposed system is analyzed from thermodynamic aspects using energy and exergy approaches, supported by a parametric study. In addition, a time-dependent analysis is carried out under varying community and data center loads as well as varying wind speed, for each hour in a typical meteorological year. In the proposed integrated system, 230.4 MW of wind farm, 1 GW th of sodium fast reactor, a thermochemical cycle with 3.6 tonnes/hour hydrogen production and 78 tonnes/hour carbon capture capacities, a two-stage Rankine cycle, ammonia generator, and an absorption refrigeration cycle are considered. The energy and exergy efficiencies of newly developed five-step thermochemical cycle are 45.39 % and 62.78 % when reaction temperatures are considered as 240 °C for hydrogen generation and 591 °C for separation. For the integrated system, the overall energy and exergy efficiencies for the entire year are found as 32.61 % and 28.44 %.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".