Influence of cation on properties of slurry and filter cake used in submarine shield tunnelling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The slurry shield tunneling method is commonly used to construct submarine tunnels. Salt in the submarine strata becomes mixed into the pressure chamber of the tunneling device, resulting in deterioration of the slurry and filter cake quality, which reduces the stability of the excavation face. Slurries containing various concentrations of the common submarine strata cations Na+, Mg2+, or Ca2+ were tested to clarify their effects on the quality of slurries and filter cakes. The results show that after the salt is mixed, all three cations cause obvious water separation and precipitation from the slurry. The bound-water contents of the formed filter cakes are reduced and the numbers of macropores are increased. At a given cation concentration, Mg2+ and Ca2+ degrade the basic quality of the slurry and filter cake more than Na+. The permeability coefficient of filter cakes in 0.1 mol/L Mg2+ or Ca2+ slurry gradually increases from 10−9 cm/s to 10−7 cm/s. Decrease of slurry zeta potential weakens repulsion between particles, which become more likely to aggregate. This is the fundamental cause of the changes in the quality of slurries and filter cakes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".