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Record W4404854530 · doi:10.1080/09589236.2024.2433683

The unsolicited algorithm: unveiling gendered harms and (non)consent in apple iOS features

2024· article· en· W4404854530 on OpenAlex
Nicolette Little, Tom Divon

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Gender Studies · 2024
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicGender, Feminism, and Media
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Alberta
Fundersnot available
KeywordsComputer scienceInformed consentAlgorithmPsychologyInternet privacyMedicine

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Algorithms are pivotal in shaping our online and offline experiences, yet they can inadvertently perpetuate hostile digital environments for users. This paper introduces the concept of the unsolicited algorithm, referring to algorithms that deliver content, recommendations, or actions without explicit user consent and awareness. Drawing from a technofeminist paradigm, we explore the repercussions of such algorithms on iPhone users experiencing marginalization, especially concerning gender. To do so, we present case studies involving the iPhone iOS features For You, which can resurface distressing memories for gender-based violence survivors, and Airdrop, commonly misused for the non-consensual sharing of explicit content. By proposing the concept of the unsolicited algorithm, we encourage critical discourse on the ethical implications of automated configuration in decision-making systems and emphasize the need to prioritize user consent and transparency in algorithm and affordance design. We also advocate for algorithm designers to revisit policies, implement algorithmic interventions and consider the vulnerabilities of marginalized users while prioritizing their agency and well-being.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Qualitative · Consensus signal: Qualitative
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.433
Threshold uncertainty score0.395

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.087
GPT teacher head0.384
Teacher spread0.297 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it