Reducing Surface Roughness to Achieve Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>‐Existent Lithiophilic Interface in Garnet‐Type Solid‐State Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The presence of Li 2 CO 3 has been identified as the cause of poor lithophilicity in garnet‐type Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO) solid‐state batteries. A Li 2 CO 3 ‐free garnet is expected to enhance the Li/LLZO interface contact. However, permanently eradicating regenerative Li 2 CO 3 from the LLZO surface is extremely challenging and the influence of regenerated Li 2 CO 3 is often ignored. Herein, it is found that glossy Li 2 CO 3 pellets can also be perfectly wetted by molten Li, contradicting the common belief that Li 2 CO 3 is lithiophobic. Therefore, reducing the surface roughness of LLZO allows it to be directly wetted by lithium metal, regardless of the presence of Li 2 CO 3 . Additionally, smooth LLZO exhibits better air stability due to its reduced active area. The symmetric cell with a smooth LLZO pellet shows a low interfacial impedance of 2 Ω cm 2 and a high critical current density of 1.4 mA cm − 2 at 25 °C. This work highlights the surface physics of garnet which significantly influences its interface properties, apart from surface chemistry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".