Blocking microtubule deacetylation inhibits anaphase chromosome movements in crane-fly spermatocytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chromosome movement speeds during anaphase are regulated by depolymerization of microtubules. Several models describe chromosome movement during cell division but none of them consider post-translational modifications of tubulin, even though such modifications help specify microtubules for unique cellular activities. Among these modifications, acetylation of Lysine 40 is one of the common post-translational modifications. Acetylation of microtubules greatly improves their stability, especially when subjected to cooling or drug treatment. Since kinetochore microtubules are acetylated in a variety of eukaryote cells, we wondered whether deacetylation of kinetochore microtubules was necessary in order for microtubules to be able to depolymerize during anaphase. HDAC6 (Histone Deacetylase 6) deacetylates acetylated tubulin. To study whether tubulin must be deacetylated during anaphase, we added to living cells two different HDAC6 inhibitors (Tubacin and Trichostatin A), separately, as chromosomes moved poleward in anaphase. Both HDAC6 inhibitors altered chromosome movement: chromosomes either completely stopped moving, or moved more slowly, or sometimes continued movement without speed changes. The effects of the inhibitors on chromosome movement are reversible: half-bivalents either restarted anaphase movement by themselves before washing out the inhibitor or resumed their poleward movement after the inhibitor was washed out. We suggest that kinetochore microtubules need to be deacetylated in order for normal anaphase movements to occur.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".