Consequences of adolescent sport-related concussion: exploring long-term cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Little is known regarding long-term consequences (≥5 years) of sport-related concussion (SRC) sustained during adolescence. Adolescent SRC has been linked to athlete considerations of sport participation and subsequent retirement from sport during this critical developmental period. Prolonged SRC symptoms can reduce ability to perform physical activity, and research suggests inactivity can extend years post-injury. Therefore, SRC may affect long-term physical activity, which may result in decreased cardiorespiratory fitness and increased adiposity.Objectives (1) To examine cardiorespiratory fitness, adiposity and associations with physical activity between three groups: adolescent SRC 5–15 years prior; adolescent musculoskeletal injury (MSK) 5–15 years prior; and individuals who played adolescent sport but were uninjured. (2) To explore whether biological sex-modified relationships assessed by the primary objective.Methods Young adults (16–33 years old) who sustained SRC (n = 54) or MSK (n = 52) during adolescent sport and uninjured individuals (n = 50) were recruited (n = 156) from previous Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre studies and word-of-mouth. Participants completed a cycle-ergometer maximal exertion test, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, and wore actigraphs for 1-week post-testing. Outcome measures of cardiorespiratory fitness [peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak[ml/min])] and adiposity [fat mass index (FMI)] were examined in relation to cohort, sex, time since injury, lean mass index and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [daily MVPA (min)] via multiple linear regression.Results In relation to the uninjured cohort, MSK (mean difference = 297.14 ml/min; β = 2.88; 95%CI: 0.99–4.76, p = 0.003) and SRC (mean difference = 268.01 ml/min; β = 2.61; 95%CI: 0.77–4.44, p = 0.006) cohorts demonstrated higher VO2peak and this did not differ based on biological sex. FMI did not differ for MSK (mean difference= −0.10 kg/m2; β= −0.02; 95%CI: −0.22–0.18, p = 0.847) or SRC (mean difference=-0.22 kg/m2; β= −0.05; 95%CI: −0.24–0.15, p = 0.642) cohorts relative to the uninjured cohort for both males and females.Conclusions It is possible to maintain adequate long-term cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity following adolescent SRC relative to those who only sustained sport related MSK injuries or did not sustain significant injuries as adolescents/adults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".