Pore-Forming Toxin-Like Proteins in the Anti-Parasitoid Immune Response of Drosophila
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Species of the ananassae subgroup of Drosophilidae are highly resistant to parasitoid wasp infections. We have previously shown that the genes encoding cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) and the apoptosis inducing protein of 56 kDa (AIP56) were horizontally transferred to these fly species from prokaryotes and are now instrumental in the anti-parasitoid immune defense of Drosophila ananassae. Here we describe a new family of genes, which encode proteins with hemolysin E domains, heretofore only identified in prokaryotes. Hemolysin E proteins are pore-forming toxins, important virulence factors of bacteria. METHODS: Bioinformatical, transcriptional, and protein expressional studies were used. RESULTS: The hemolysin E-like genes have a scattered distribution among the genomes of species belonging to several different monophyletic lineages in the family Drosophilidae. We detected structural homology with the bacterial Hemolysin E toxins and showed that the origin of the D. ananassae hemolysin E-like genes (hl1-38) is consistent with prokaryotic horizontal gene transfer. These genes encode humoral factors, secreted into the hemolymph by the fat body and hemocytes. Their expression is induced solely by parasitoid infection and the proteins bind to the developing parasitoids. CONCLUSIONS: Hemolysin E-like proteins acquired by horizontal gene transfer and expressed by the primary immune organs may contribute to the elimination of parasitoids, as novel humoral factors in Drosophila innate immunity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".