A Comparison of Extreme and Ordinary Freezing Rain Events of Long Duration and High Integrated Vapor Transport in Eastern North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Freezing rain events of long duration (LD; at least 12 h) in two study domains of eastern North America gleaned from the database of McCray et al. are examined using ERA5 reanalysis-based integrated water vapor transport (IVT) to investigate how parent cyclones with high IVT (HIVT; surrogate for atmospheric rivers) contribute to severe freezing rain events. Although not necessary for an LD freezing rain event to occur, HIVT-influenced parent cyclones are associated with most (70%) events occurring in the southeastern Canada/northeastern U.S. (CAUS) study domain and with the majority (78%) of very long (at least 24 h) LD events in the region over a 38-yr period (1979–2016). Comparing extreme and ordinary LD events involving HIVT-influenced parent cyclones over the CAUS and southeastern U.S. study domains shows the importance in extreme events of slow movement and phasing between the continental parent cyclone located over eastern North America and a corresponding midlatitude anticyclone to the northeast of the CAUS domain that provides cold dry air needed in the near-surface cold layer to offset opposing diabatic effects. A corresponding subtropical anticyclone assists the parent cyclone in supplying warm and humid air at midlevels of freezing rain events to the northern reaches of the study domain, extending spatial and temporal scales of extreme events. Most ordinary LD event parent cyclones are progressive and impact the study domain only briefly. An abrupt end of ordinary LD events having a slow-moving parent cyclone occurs either when its center moves over the study domain or a second, newly dominant cyclone emerges.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".