A comparison of radio frequency and microwave heating methods for enhancing the removal and biotransformation of endocrine-disrupting triclocarban during advanced anaerobic digestion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) has very limited effectiveness against the removal of many emerging contaminants, including the pervasive antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC). This is the first study to compare two thermal pretreatment methods to evaluate the fate of persistent TCC and its transformation/degradation by-products during advanced AD. Two electromagnetic heating methods are employed: one uses an innovative radio frequency (RF) heating system at 13.56 MHz, while the other uses microwave (MW) heating at 2450 MHz. The biodegradation was assessed by biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays utilizing spiked secondary sludge. Overall, advanced digestion processes, combined with RF and MW pretreatments, were highly effective in increasing TCC elimination (up to 65 %) from digested sludge after 60 days of incubation, compared to conventional digestion (without pretreatment), which achieved only up to 20 % elimination. The contribution of RF and MW pretreatments to the total TCC removal efficiencies of the overall advanced digestion process was 26 ± 1 % and 22 ± 1 %, respectively. After pretreatment, during thermophilic anaerobic digestion, 34 ± 3 % and 30 ± 2 % additional TCC removals were achieved from the RF- and MW-pretreated samples, respectively. Significantly higher TCC removal and biotransformation occurred in advanced BMPs incubated at thermophilic temperatures compared to mesophilic temperatures. The chlorinated TCC was converted to less toxic carbanilide during digestion, reducing the environmental risk of TCC through the dechlorination mechanism. Considering the feasibility of RF and MW heating systems at full scale, the RF heating technology combined with anaerobic sludge digestion can be preferred to manage the municipal sludge contaminated with antimicrobials. • A custom-built radio frequency system at 13.56 MHz was used for thermal pretreatment. • Radio frequency heating on the fate of triclocarban in digestion was studied for the first time. • Anaerobic digestion with radio frequency heating can be used to obtain non-toxic biosolids. • Triclocarban was transformed into less toxic products during advanced digestion. • Radio frequency heating can be more efficient than microwave heating for pretreatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".