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Precision calibration of calorimeter signals in the ATLAS experiment using an uncertainty-aware neural network
G. Aad, Erlend Aakvaag, Mohammed Aboelela, H. Abramowicz, Y. Abulaiti, B. S. Acharya, Anke Ackermann, Y. Afik, C. Agheorghiesei, F. Ahmadov, S. Ahuja, X. Ai, Nilima Nilesh Akolkar, S. Aktas, J. Albert, P. Albicocco, Z. L. Alegria, I. N. Aleksandrov, T. Alexopoulos, S. Ali, M. Aliev, Jonny Allen, F. Alonso, M. Aly, Y. Amaral Coutinho, Christoph Amelung, Kyle Amirie, S. P. Amor Dos Santos, K. R. Amos, Shiwen An, T. Andeen, A. Andreazza, C. Antel, M. A. Aparo, L. Aperio Bella, C. Arcangeletti, J-F. Arguin, H. Asada, K. Augsten, M. J. Backes, K. Bai, Veena Balakrishnan, R. Balasubramanian, Fabrice Balli, Isaac Bamwidhi, Shubham Bansal, M. Barakat, E. L. Barberio, D. Barberis, Jackson Barr, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, Maura Barros, S. Barsov, P. Bartos, Sima Bashiri, Susan Bataju, Souad Batlamous, M. Battaglia, M. Bauce, Michael Bauer, J. B. Beacham, M. Begalli, J. F. Beirer, M. Belfkir, K. Beloborodov, Lydia Audrey Beresford, M. Beretta, E. Bergeaas Kuutmann, F. Bernon, A. Betti, Naman Kumar Bhalla, S. Bhatta, P. Bhattarai, V. Bhopatkar, O. Biebel, Sully Billingsley, Yassine Bimgdi, Anna Bingham, C. Bini, J. P. Biswal, D. Bogavac, A. G. Bogdanchikov, T. Bołd, M. Bomben, Iurii Bordulev, M. Bosman, N. Bouchhar, Leo Boudet, E. V. Bouhova-Thacker, R. Bouquet, J. Boyd, Igor Boyko, J. Braciník, J. E. Brau, R. Brener, S. Bressler, D. Britton, Ian Brock, Jammel Brooks, E. Brost, Tim Lukas Bruckler, N. Bruscino, D. Buchin, C. D. Burgard, Blake Oliver Burghgrave, J. T. P. Burr, J. C. Burzynski, Volker Buescher, J. M. Butterworth, W. Buttinger, H. Cai, V. M. M. Cairo, Luiz Pereira Calôba, S. Calvet, P. Camarri, D. Cameron, V. Canale, Enzo Canonero, Josu Cantero Garcia, Michael Patrick Cardiff, T. Carli, J. Carmignani, L. Carminati, M. Carnesale, G. Carratta, Maria del Pilar Casado Lechuga, M. Caspar, Lucia Castillo Garcia, V. Castillo Gimenez, J. R. Catmore, V. Cavaliere, A. S. Cerqueira, L. Cerrito, F. Cerutti, S. A. Çetin, Paul Mickael Chabrillat, W. Y. Chan, J. D. Chapman, Charlie Chen, H. Chen, Maggie Chen, S. Chen, Xiang Chen, S. Cheong, E. Cheremushkina, Kingman Cheung, G. Chiarelli, N. Chiedde, M. Chitishvili, Y. Chou, Michael Kwok Lam Chu, M. C. Chu, X. Chu, J. Chudoba, Dan Andrei Ciubotaru, Noah Clarke Hall, S. E. Clawson, C. Clément, Y. Coadou, R. F. Coelho Barrue, S. Coelli, Luca Sesto Colangeli, H. G. Cooke, Louie Dartmoor Corpe, D. Costanzo, B. M. Cote, Glen Cowan, K. Cranmer, D. Cremonini, V. Croft, Nanni Crosetti, H. Cui, W. R. Cunningham, Jennifer Rachel Curran, J. V. Da Fonseca Pinto, T. Dai, D. Dal Santo, M. Dam, Johannes Frederic Damp, J. R. Dandoy, M. Danninger, S. J. Das, S. D’Auria, R. De Asmundis, Paul de Jong, U. De Sanctis, F. De Santis, A. De Santo, J. Degens, J. Del Peso, L. Delagrange, M. Della Pietra, L. Dell’Asta, Claudia Caterina Delogu, S. P. Denisov, Anna Di Ciaccio, G. Di Gregorio, R. Di Nardo, M. Diamantopoulou, J. Dingfelder, Thomas Benjamin Dingley, Bhupesh Dixit, T. Djobava, N. Dos Santos Fernandes, Matthias Peter Drescher, Matthew Drnevich, M. Dubovsky, O. A. Ducu, D. Duda, Emily Rose Duden, M. Dunford, S. Dungs, K. Dunne, M. Düren, Ian Dyckes, S. Eggebrecht, G. Eigen, T. Ekelöf, S. El Farkh, H. El Jarrari, V. Ellajosyula, M. Elsing, S. Epari, M. Errenst, M. Escalier, G. Evans, Hal Evans, R. M. Fakhrutdinov, S. Falciano, Ka Yan Fan, Y. Fang, Y. Fang, M. Faraj, Z. Farazpay, S. M. Farrington, F. Fassi, L. Fayard, M. Feickert, P. Fernandéz Martinéz, P. Ferrari, R. Ferrari, D. Ferrère, Frank Fiedler, F. Filthaut, Peter Michael Fitzhugh, Philipp Fleischmann, T. Flick, M. Flores, L. R. Flores Castillo, L. Flores Sanz De Acedo, A. Formica, L. Fountas, H. Fox, Paolo Francavilla, S. Franchellucci, David Francis, Luca Franco, Y. Y. Frid, N. Fritzsche, James Frost, Y. Fu, S. Fuenzalida Garrido, Kin Yip Fung, A. Gabrielli, Safa Gaid, S. Galantzan, Bruce Joseph Gallop, Sanmay Ganguly, J. E. García Navarro, M. Garcia-Sciveres, Christopher Andrew Garner, Veritas Katharina Gassmann, C. Gay, C. Gemme, M. H. Genest, S. George, M. Ghani, A. Ghosal, Anindya Ghosh, S. M. Gibson, D. T. Gil, Benjamin Jacob Gilbert, G. Gilles, M. P. Giordani, P. F. Giraud, F. Giuli, I. Gkialas, L. K. Gladilin, G. Glemža, M. Goblirsch-Kolb, S. Goldfarb, R. Gonçalo, R. Y. González Andana, R. Gonzalez Suarez, L. Goossens, Mikhail Gostkin, M. Gouighri, N. Govender, Charles Michael Grant, Matteo Greco, M. J. Green, Ingrid Gregor, S. Grinstein, Joern Grosse-Knetter, E. Guilloton, Jun Guo, L. Guo, Y. Guo, Saime Gurbuz, S. S. Gurdasani, C. Gwenlan, Jan Joachim Hahn, M. Haleem, J. Han, Liang Han, S. Han, M. Hance, H. Hanif, T. Harenberg, Y. T. Harris, Natalie Marie Harrison, Nikolai Krug, Rosanne Zara Hasan, Y. Hayashi, Christopher Robyn Hayes, R. L. Hayes, Yajun He, Y. He, S. Hellesund, Y. Hernández Jiménez, T. Herrmann, M. E. Hesping, N. P. Hessey, Mourad Hidaoui, Julia Rose Hinds, M. Hirose, N. Hod, Benjamin Haslum Hodkinson, Judith Hofer, M. Holzbock, B. P. Honan, J. Hong, W. H. Hopkins, Y. Horii, Mason Ray Housenga, Miroslav Hrabovsky, Shih-Chieh Hsu, Q. Hu, Shuhui Huang, Y. Huang, Yingjun Huang, Yanping Huang, Z. Huang, M. Huebner, Mika Huhtinen, R. Hulsken, J. Huth, G. Iacobucci, P. Iengo, R. Iguchi, Sebastian Alonso Infante Cabanas, James Inglis, M. Iodice, V. Ippolito, R. Iuppa, V. Izzo, P. Jenni, Hao Jia, X. Jia, Zihang Jia, Qimin Jiang, S. Jin, P. Johansson, K. A. Johns, Kyle Scott Jones, P. Jones, T. J. Jones, Roshan Joshi, T. Junkermann, Monika Katarzyna Juzek, N. J. Kang, O. Karkout, S. N. Karpov, V. Kartvelishvili, J. Katzy, S. Kaur, V. F. Kazanin, J. S. Keller, Justin Kerr, B. P. Kerševan, Alexey Kharlamov, T. Kharlamova, T. J. Khoo, J. Khubua, C. Kirfel, Lucas Klein, S. B. Klein, D. Kobylianskii, T. Kono, P. Kontaxakis, R. Kopeliansky, S. Koperny, N. Korotkova, S. Kortner, C. Kourkoumelis, E. Kourlitis, O. Kovanda, Attila Krasznahorkay, A. Krasznahorkay, Lukas Kretschmann, K. Kreul, P. Krieger, J. Kroll, K. S. Krowpman, Nils Erik Krumnack, Sinan Kuday, T. Kuhl, V. Kukhtin, Y. Kulchitsky, N. Kumari, P. Kumari, T. Kupfer, L. L. Kurchaninov, M. Kuze, Jiri Kvita, L. A. O. Laatu, Francesco Lacava, Didier Lacour, Arthur Lafarge, T. Lagouri, S. Lammers, W. Lampl, E. Lançon, F. Lanni, M. Lassnig, Roxani Lazaridou, Shih-Chang Lee, T. F. Lee, Giovanna Lehmann Miotto, W. A. Leight, W. Leinonen, R. Leitner, S. Leone, Jeremie Harmond Lepage Bourbonnais, R. Les, M. P. Lewicki, D. J. Lewis, Lucy Lewitt, Changqiao Li, H. Li, Jialin Li, Runze Li, S. Li, Tong Li, Xingguo Li, Z. Li, Z. Liang, J. Lieber Marin, Hui-Chi Lin, Lars Linden, R. E. Lindley, E. Lipeles, Eric Hsien Lung Liu, Jesse Liu, K. Liu, Peilian Liu, Qibin Liu, Y. Liu, Y. W. Liu, S. L. Lloyd, P. Loch, T. Lohse, J. D. Lomas, R. Longo, M. Losada, Olesia Loseva, X. Lou, P. A. Love, M. Lu, Sicong Lu, F. Luehring, O. Lundberg, N. A. Luongo, Margaret Lutz, David Lynn, Else Lytken, Hong Ma, K. Ma, Lianliang Ma, R. Madar, T. Madula, Pedro Takisa Mafa, Jan Malamant, M. Mali, S. Maltezos, Sergey Malyukov, J. P. Mandalia, J. Manjarrés Ramos, Sadia Marium, Matthew Kenneth Maroun, З. Маршалл, L. Martinelli, P. Martinez Agullo, A. Marzin, Sylvia Louise Mason, P. Mastrandrea, Timothy Thankachen Mathew, J. Matoušek, J. Maurer, Théo Maurin, B. Maček, D. A. Maximov, R. Mazini, John Patrick Mc Gowan, C. McLean, Huan Yu Meng, Lingxin Meng, M. Mentink, Gretel Mercado, S. Merianos, C. Merlassino, J. Metcalfe, Jean-Pierre Meyer, R. P. Middleton, D. W. Miller, David Anthony Milstead, Tianjue Min, B. Mindur, M. Mineev, M. Mironova, V. A. Mitsou, Y. Mitsumori, Paul Miyagawa, T. Mkrtchyan, P. Mogg, M. H. Mohamed Farook, Saad Mohiuddin, K. Mönig, Luis Monsonis Romero, J. Montejo Berlingen, F. Monticelli, P. Morettini, S. Morgenstern, M. Morinaga, Manabu Moritsu, P. Moschovakos, Maia Mosidze, Yftach Moyal, O. Mtintsilana, R. Müller, M. Muškinja, A. J. Myers, K. Nagai, K. Nagano, Ren Nagasaka, K. Nakamura, Yoshifumi Narukawa, Laura Nasella, Polina Nechaeva, Kevin Michael Nelson, M. S. Neubauer, Joshua Newell, Y. W. Y. Ng, Hoang Dai Nghia Nguyen, Richard Nickerson, R. Nicolaidou, M. Niemeyer, N. Nikiforou, I. Ninca, Nishu Nishu, R. Nisius, N. Nitika, T. Novák, A. Ochi, J. Ocariz, Alexander Oh, H. Oide, L. F. Oleiro Seabra, Jason Oliver, P. U. E. Onyisi, Yuya Osumi, H. Otono, M. Ouchrif, Ferhat Ozturk, S. Ozturk, K. Pachal, C. Padilla Aranda, P. Pani, G. Panizzo, L. Paolozzi, C. Paraskevopoulos, Ki Ryeong Park, J. A. Parsons, U. Parzefall, L. Pascual Dominguez, T. Pauly, S. Peng, K. E. Penski, B. S. Peralva, L. Pereira Sanchez, G. Shani Nimeshika Perera, M. Perganti, S. Perrella, R. F. Y. Peters, T. C. Petersen, M. Pettee, Raquel Pezoa Rivera, Lukas Pfaffenbichler, T. M. Pham, G. Piacquadio, F. Piazza, L. Pintucci, D. A. Pizzi, V. Pleskot, Ruth Pöttgen, Luc Poggioli, Chris Pollard, Ştefan Popa, G. A. Popeneciu, S. Pospı́šil, Michael Antony Postill, P. Postolache, I. N. Potrap, Tina Potter, H. Potti, Ximo Poveda Torres, M. Primavera, Lorenzo Primomo, M. A. Principe Martin, Witold Wojciech Przygoda, J. Qian, Rongqian Qian, T. Qiu, R. P. Quinn, Lacey Rainbolt, Phuti Rapheeha, H. Rasheed, V. Raskina, S. Rave, M. Raymond, J. A. Reidelsturz, F. Renner, S. Rettie, William Rettie, R. Richter, P. Rieck, L. Rinaldi, Philipp Rincke, Ryan Roberts, Sam Roberts, D. Robinson, C. Roda, S. Rodriguez Bosca, Yohany Rodriguez Garcia, A. C. Romero Hernandez, N. Rompotis, S. Rosati, Elvira Rossi, M. Rotaru, D. Rousso, Sebastien Roy-Garand, S. Roy-Garand, Victor Hugo Ruelas Rivera, T. A. Ruggeri, A. Rummler, N. A. Rusakovich, John P Rutherfoord, Sebastian Rutherford Colmenares, Jorge Andres Sabater Iglesias, H. F-W. Sadrozinski, S. Saha, Tomoyuki Saito, Andy Salnikov, José Salt, D. Salvatore, F. Salvatore, D. Sammel, E. Sampson, V. Sanchez Sebastian, Heidi Sandaker, D. P. C. Sankey, H. Santos, K. A. Saoucha, Joao Gentil Mendes Saraiva, K. Satô, R. Sawada, T. Scanlon, D. Schaile, R. D. Schamberger, Meinrad Moritz Schefer, D. Scheirich, M. Schernau, Marco Schioppa, S. Schlenker, Niklas Schmitt, S. Schramm, H.-C. Schultz-Coulon, Philippe Schune, H. R. Schwartz, R. Schwienhorst, Fabrizio Scuri, Claudia Seitz, G. Sekhniaidze, Luka Selem, Varsha Senthilkumar, Laurent Serin, H. Severini, E. Shabalina, Jeff Shahinian, M. Shamim, Lianyou Shan, P. Sherwood, S. Shimizu, Mariya Shiyakova, M. J. Shochet, S. Shrestha, Petr Sicho, E. Sideras Haddad, Dorde Sijacki, J. M. Silva, M. V. Silva Oliveira, S. B. Silverstein, Liana Simpson, S. Sindhu, S. Sinha, S. Sinha, P. Skubic, Magdalena Slawinska, Y. Smirnov, J. L. Smith, Matthew Bruce Smith, Rachel Emma Clarke Smith, M. Smižanská, S. Snyder, Randy Sobie, Evgeny Soldatov, U. Soldevila, Sanya Solodkov, O. V. Solovyanov, W. Y. Song, Josef Daniel Sorenson, I. R. Sotarriva Alvarez, Varsiha Sothilingam, R. Soualah, M. Spalla, M. Spousta, Weronika Stanek-Maslouska, B. Stapf, E. A. Starchenko, G. H. Stark, P. Staroba, P. Steinberg, Oliver Stelzer-Chilton, H. Stenzel, T. J. Stevenson, Pavol Strizenec, Ryszard Stroynowski, S. A. Stucci, J. Stupak, N. A. Styles, S. Su, Daniel Suchy, Vladimir Sulin, Salekh Sultanov, S. Sun, W. Sun, M. Svatos, T. Swirski, M. Sýkora, T. Sýkora, R. Tafirout, Juan Salvador Tafoya Vargas, Yosuke Takubo, M. Talby, Z. Tao, S. Tapia Araya, S. Tarem, M. Taševský, Geoffrey Norman Taylor, W. Taylor, J. Terrón, O. Theiner, Timothée Theveneaux-Pelzer, Yusong Tian, S. Todt, Junji Tojo, Stano Tokar, Makoto Tomoto, E. Torró Pastor, D. R. Tovey, T. Trefzger, L. Truong, M. Trzebiński, Pavel Tsiareshka, Vakhtang Tsiskaridze, E. G. Tskhadadze, V. Tsulaia, S. Tsuno, Tsybychev Dmitri Tsybyshev, Y. Tu, V. Tudorache, T. Turtuvshin, P. M. Tuts, F. Ukegawa, Pablo Augusto Ulloa Poblete, Josef Urban, Pedro Urrejola, Risa Ushioda, Vic Vacek, T. Vafeiadis, M. Valente, S. Valentinetti, A. Vallier, J. A. Valls Ferrer, T. R. Van Daalen, M. Van Rijnbach, Samuel van Stroud, M. Vanadia, U. M. Vande Voorde, K. E. Varvell, M. E. Vasile, Louis Vaslin, Luke Martin Vaughan, Radek Vavricka, V. Vecchio, M. J. Veen, Philip M. Velie, L. M. Veloce, S. Veneziano, M. Verissimo De Araujo, W. Verkerke, J. C. Vermeulen, C. Vernieri, N. Viaux Maira, T. Vickey, O. E. Vickey Boeriu, M. Villa, M. Villaplana Perez, Elena Michelle Villhauer, E. Vilucchi, M. G. Vincter, Elena Voevodina, Johann Christoph Voigt, Katharina Voss, L. Vozdecký, N. Vranješ, M. Vreeswijk, O. Vujinovic, Sayaka Wada, Johannes Michael Wagner, W. Wagner, Shayma Wahdan, H. Wahlberg, Chen Wang, R. Wang, S. M. Wang, S. Wang, Tao Wang, Weitao Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, N. Warrack, H. Watson, Gordon Watts, Hannsjorg Weber, M. Weber, C. Wei, Y. Wei, Craig John Wells, T. Wengler, Nina Stephanie Wenke, W. Wiedenmann, M. Wielers, Sarah Louise Williams, S. Willocq, Markus Wobisch, F. Winklmeier, Marcus Clark Wong, S. Wozniewski, X. Wu, Xingyu Wu, Zhibo Wu, Da Xu, L. Xu, Riley Xu, T. Xu, Yue Xu, Zhongyukun Xu, R. Xu, Hiroki Yamauchi, T. Yamazaki, S. Yan, Zhen Yan, X. Yang, Yi-Lin Yang, Yifan Yang, S. Ye, Xinmeng Ye, S. Younas, Nathan Young, Y. Yu, Jiarong Yuan, Rui Yuan, M. Zaazoua, Z. K. Zak, T. Zakareishvili, S. Zambito, J. Zang, Hao Zeng, Todd Zenger, Oleg Zenin, S. Zerradi, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, R. Zhang, Sijing Zhang, T. Zhang, Xiangke Zhang, Yixiang Zhang, Z. Zhang, T. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Z. Zheng, You Zhou, Xuliang Zhu, Y. Zhu, Yingchun Zhu, N. I. Zimine, L. Živković, K. Zoch, W. Zou
Bibliographic record
VenueSciPost Physics · 2025
Typepreprint
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicParticle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Canadian institutionsDominion Astrophysical ObservatoryInstitute of Particle PhysicsSimon Fraser UniversityYork UniversityUniversity of British ColumbiaCarleton UniversityUniversity of TorontoUniversity of VictoriaMcGill UniversityUniversity of AlbertaUniversité de Montréal
FundersStockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm UniversityH2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie ActionsFondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y TecnológicoInstitut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des ParticulesAgencia Estatal de InvestigaciónAgencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y TecnológicaFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceHorizon 2020 Framework ProgrammeMinistero dell'Università e della RicercaAlliance de recherche numérique du CanadaAgencia Nacional de Investigación y DesarrolloCanton de GenèveNextGenerationEUForskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och VälfärdEuropean Social FundRoyal SocietyCentre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et TechniqueEuropean Regional Development FundBritish Columbia Knowledge Development FundGöran Gustafssons StiftelserMax-Planck-GesellschaftNeubauer Family FoundationCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueBundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und WirtschaftMinisterio de Ciencia, Tecnología e InnovaciónGeneralitat ValencianaGeneralitat de CatalunyaU.S. Department of EnergyFundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroCarl Tryggers Stiftelse för Vetenskaplig ForskningAustrian Science FundGrantová Agentura České RepublikyNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungNational Science and Technology CouncilMinisterstvo Školství, Mládeže a TělovýchovyEuropean CommissionLeverhulme TrustFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloMinisterstwo Edukacji i NaukiConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoCanada Research ChairsScience and Technology Facilities CouncilSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekMinistry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of ChinaKanton BernAgence Nationale de la RechercheNarodowa Agencja Wymiany AkademickiejEuropean Cooperation in Science and TechnologyRoyal Swedish Academy of SciencesGeneral Secretariat for Research and TechnologyNational Science FoundationIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareUK Research and InnovationBaden-Württemberg StiftungH2020 European Research CouncilNorges ForskningsrådAlexander von Humboldt-StiftungTRIUMFDanmarks GrundforskningsfondTürkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma KurumuAzərbaycan Milli Elmlər AkademiyasıCanarieHORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie ActionsIsrael Academy of Sciences and HumanitiesCentres de Recerca de CatalunyaCERNNational Natural Science Foundation of China
KeywordsAtlas (anatomy)CalibrationArtificial neural networkEstimatorContext (archaeology)Calorimeter (particle physics)PhysicsComputer scienceArtificial intelligenceLarge Hadron ColliderDeep neural networksStatistical physicsParticle physicsStatisticsOpticsMathematics
Abstract
The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider explores the use of modern neural networks for a multi-dimensional calibration of its calorimeter signal defined by clusters of topologically connected cells (topo-clusters). The Bayesian neural network (BNN) approach not only yields a continuous and smooth calibration function that improves performance relative to the standard calibration but also provides uncertainties on the calibrated energies for each topo-cluster. The results obtained by using a trained BNN are compared to the standard local hadronic calibration and to a calibration provided by training a deep neural network. The uncertainties predicted by the BNN are interpreted in the context of a fractional contribution to the systematic uncertainties of the trained calibration. They are also compared to uncertainty predictions obtained from an alternative estimator employing repulsive ensembles.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: Simulation or modeling
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.501
Threshold uncertainty score0.967
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.043
GPT teacher head0.331
Teacher spread0.287 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designSimulation or modeling
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations4
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes