Undrained Simple Shear Response of Stratified Layers of Sand and Clay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An experimental study is conducted on specimens of a uniform loose sand, an "undisturbed" clay, and sand-clay composites that are predominantly sand but layered with varying amounts of clay.Both undrained monotonic and cyclic response of layered samples were assessed and compared against the response of homogeneous samples of sand and clay.The behaviour was assessed with sand samples at its loosest state and clay samples in their in-situ state, the heterogenous samples were prepared likewise, and tested at three distinct confining stresses.The results of this research demonstrate that the presence of a layer of clay within the sand matrix significantly affected the shear strength and strength development characteristics under constant volume simple shear loading.The response was both confining stress level and clay percentage dependent.It was found that the response is not simply governed by weakest material, but rather the interactions between the material and their effect on the local drainage conditions play a critical role on the overall response in the layered soils.The cyclic resistance of the sand is significantly affected by the presence of a clay layer, and CRR values more than doubled even with a thin clay layer.This is a consequence of the sand being able to dilate into the clay due to the differences in compressibility.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".