Long-Term Impacts of Bupropion Exposure during Critical Developmental Periods on Reward Learning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pharmacological management of ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents has become a first-line treatment despite risk of misdiagnosis/over-prescription.Unnecessary exposure to psychotropics can disrupt brain development, producing maladaptive behavioural output.Bupropion (BUP) is a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor prescribed offlabel for juvenile ADHD.Short-and long-term effects of BUP during critical periods of postnatal development were evaluated to assess reward-related neurobehavioural outcomes.Rats were administered high-or low-dose BUP or saline from p18-24 (preadolescence) or p34-40 (periadolescence).Operant training, extinction, and progressive ratio tests were later conducted.BUP did not alter overall reward seeking, rather, it disrupted quality of stimulus-reward learning.Exposure to BUP during peri-adolescence had complex neurobehavioural effects including pronounced on-drug psychomotor response and off-drug stimulus discrimination deficits (inactive lever pressing) after inconsistent reward delivery, indicative of transient learning.Reduced nucleus accumbens thin spine density and DeltaFosB-labelling suggest desensitization to dopamine and norepinephrine as a possible mechanism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".