Cultivation of In situ foam 3D-printing: Lightweight and flexible triboelectric nanogenerators employing polyvinylidene fluoride/graphene nanocomposite foams with superior EMI shielding and thermal conductivity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study explores the novel realm of foam 3D-printing, a convergence of foaming and 3D-printing techniques, with profound implications for multifunctional stretchable electronics. Through scalable in situ foam printing, lightweight and stretchable foamed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/graphene nanocomposites were successfully fabricated. By incorporating varying percentages (2, 3, 5, and 7 wt.%) of graphene into PVDF, alongside a 3 wt.% foaming agent for foamed 3D-printing filaments, a diverse range of filaments were fabricated. Next, employing fused filament fabrication (FFF), 3D-printed PVDF nanocomposites and nanocomposites foams were produced. Both shear and elongational rheological tests, respectively, corroborated that the incorporation of a foaming agent and graphene amplified the shear-thinning behavior and instigated strain hardening in the PVDF nanocomposite foam, rendering them viable options for foam 3D-printing. The resulting materials exhibited promising electrical and thermal conductivity attributes, as well as effective electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties. The additional nanofiller content significantly augmented both electrical and thermal conductivity, further enhanced by the introduction of a cellular structure. Notably, foamed 3D-printed PVDF nanocomposites containing 7 wt.% of graphene demonstrated an EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 36 dB distinguished by minimal reflectivity and predominant absorption characteristics. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the in situ foam 3D-printing facilitates the formation of the β-phase. The printed specimens were deployed as the tribonegative element in the Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) system. The fabricated TENG displayed notable efficiency, as evidenced by the foamed 3D-printed PVDF, which generated an output voltage of 270 V and a current of 5 μA, successfully illuminating 80 Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights. Meanwhile, the 3D-printed nanocomposite foams with 3 wt.% nanofiller exhibited superior performance, achieving an output voltage of 550 V and a current of 11 μA. This investigation underscores the potential of the in situ foam 3D-printing for the development of advanced lightweight and flexible energy storage devices. • Lightweight and stretchable foamed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/graphene nanocomposites were effectively fabricated using a scalable in situ foam printing technique. • Foamed 3D-printed PVDF nanocomposites exhibited an EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 36 dB, characterized by low reflectivity and primarily absorption-driven properties. • The 3D-printed nanocomposite foams with 3 wt.% nanofiller demonstrated exceptional performance, attaining an output voltage of 550 V and a current of 11 μA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".