Leaf spot of <i>Panax quinquefolius</i> caused by <i>Colletotrichum panacicola</i> in northeastern China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng) and Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) are two important species of genus Panax used commercially in China. The main species of Colletotrichum on P. ginseng have been previously investigated, but Colletotrichum on P. quinquefolius has not been verified in China. In June 2020, August 2021 and September 2022, leaf spots on P. quinquefolius were found in Jilin Province, northeastern China. Eighty Colletotrichum strains were isolated from the diseased leaves and were identified as Colletotrichum panacicola based on morphology and molecular characterization. After inoculation of these strains on detached or attached American ginseng leaves, leaf spots developed after 4 days on detached leaves and after 6 days on attached leaves. A fungus with the same morphology and spores as the inoculated strain was re-isolated from the lesions. This is the first report of leaf spot disease of P. quinquefolius caused by C. panacicola in northeastern China. We also tested this pathogen on 13 other plants and found that it can cause severe symptoms on apricot and crab apple, both members of Rosaceae. This study confirms a new location and additional host range of this fungus and highlights that it is a potential threat to P. quinquefolius cultivation in China.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".