Leisure behavior through the life span: Leisure constraints, motivation, and self-efficacy among Gen Z and Millennials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the impact of leisure constraints, motivation, and self-efficacy on the intention to participate in leisure activities among Turkish Gen Z and Millennials, comparing early adolescents and young adults to understand changes in leisure activity participation from middle school to adulthood. Data were gathered from individuals aged 15 to 39 for the first study and specifically from middle school students for the second study, using convenience sampling. A total of 425 questionnaires were acquired for the first study in December 2020 and 289 for the second study in November 2022. Structural Equation Modelling was utilized to analyze the data. The results of the first study indicate that motivation significantly influences both constraints and intention, while self-efficacy only influences motivation. In the second study, motivation’s significant influence was observed only on intention. While self-efficacy has a significant influence on motivation, only general self-efficacy influence constraints.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".