THE PARADIGM OF LIGHT IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF CHURCH BUILDINGS RADOSLAV ZHUK
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article analyzes the light-spatial composition of a number of Greek Catholic churches of the Ukrainian diaspora designed and built by the famous Canadian architect Radoslav Zhuk. A set of rules and principles used by the architect to create a sacred atmosphere in the interior space of church buildings by means of natural light is established. In general, the light-space composition studied of eight churches built by Radoslav Zhuk in the second half of the 20th century. These are Greek Catholic churches in Canada and the United States built between 1964 and 1968: St. Joseph's Church and Holy Family Church in Winnipeg, Canada; Church of the Blessed Eucharist in Toronto; Church of the Holy Cross in Thunder Bay. Later, in the 70s, according to R. Zhuk's designs, the following build: Holy Trinity Church in Kerhonkson, New York, USA; St. Josaphat Church, Rochester, New York, USA; St. Stephen's Church, Calgary, Canada. The spatial structure of the first churches built by the architect in Canada is a combination of horizontal rectangular volumes with vertical ones, which carry the main semantic and figurative load. The lighting composition in the interior of the churches is similar in terms of brightness distribution to modern Catholic churches, where the space and surfaces of the sanctuary are the most illuminated. It turned out that in the architectonics of these churches, the architect uses large stained-glass windows in the wall above the main entrance, as well as in the domes and towers above the sanctuary. This creates a high level of natural light in these parts of the prayer hall. The nave itself less lit through narrow and high windows in the walls. This nature of natural light creates a mystical atmosphere. From the area of lesser illumination, people's eyes drawn to the sacred space of the sanctuary, where the sacrament of the Eucharist is celebrated. In the churches built in the 1970s, a different interpretation of natural light appears. The architect emphasizes the play of light and shadow on vertical tectonic roof surfaces in towers of different heights and spaces under domes. A favorite technique of the architect is the use of horizontal strips of low windows between the walls of the church and the roof. The closest to the Ukrainian tradition in Zhuk's work is the light composition of the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, built in Lviv in 2002.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".