The Transformative and Political Power of Tourism for World Peace: From Past to Present
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Among the world’s largest industries, tourism has evolved from a cultural exchange mechanism to a tool with significant political implications for peacebuilding. The International Institute for Peace through Tourism (IIPT) was established during the UN's International Year of Peace in 1986, and tourism was positioned as a “Global Peace Industry” with transformative potential. The IIPT’s 1988 Vancouver Conference marked a political milestone, promoting “Sustainable Tourism” and solidifying tourism’s role in international policy to foster understanding, cooperation, and reconciliation. Key documents, such as the Manila Declaration (1985) and the Amman Declaration (2000), framed tourism as a strategic instrument for soft power, diplomatic relations, and conflict resolution. This article underscores tourism’s role in advancing global peace agendas by analyzing how tourism shapes geopolitical perceptions, addresses social justice, and supports UN Sustainable Development Goals. The article concludes by advocating for increased research into tourism’s political influence on peacebuilding while acknowledging the industry’s capacity to bridge divides, promote inclusivity, and support sustainable global relations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".