Full-scale assessment of a liquid CsWO3-SnO2 near-infrared shielding coating and a nanoceramic WO3 photochromic window film for in-situ window retrofits
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Evaluation of two low-cost window retrofits: a near-infrared absorbing nanocoating and a photochromic film. • The technologies were tested under real-world conditions in Toronto's continental climate with distinct summers and winters. • Significant reductions in solar transmittance and solar factor were observed, leading to the mitigation of overheating. • The photochromic film enhanced visual comfort, improving useful daylight illuminance by 10%–17% and reducing peak discomfort glare by 9%. • Limited energy savings were observed in a low window-to-wall ratio setting, but results indicate potential benefits for highly glazed buildings. Windows play a pivotal role in building design by providing daylight, solar heat gains, and natural ventilation. However, older buildings with outdated windows and inadequate solar control suffer from overheating, discomfort glare, and high cooling costs. While replacing existing windows with high-performance products can significantly boost energy efficiency and occupant comfort, the associated costs can be prohibitive. Consequently, retrofit technologies that utilize existing glass panes and frames offer a compelling solution. This paper investigates the thermal, energy, and daylight performance of two innovative window retrofit technologies relative to a clear reference tested simultaneously at the BeTOP outdoor test cells in Toronto, ON-a vicinity with distinct warm summers and cold winters. The retrofits included a near-infrared absorbing CsWO 3 -SnO 2 nanosuspension and a nanoceramic WO 3 -based photochromic window film with dynamic absorptance to visible radiation. The low-cost technologies were applied directly to interior glass surfaces, allowing for swift installation with minimal occupancy interruption. The results show that retrofitting existing glass did not significantly influence the equivalent thermal transmittance but significant reductions in the equivalent solar factor and solar transmittance were observed. Although the retrofits did not significantly influence the energy consumption in this particular setting due to Toronto's cold climate and the adopted low window-wall ratio (10%), they contributed to the mitigation of overheating indicated by up to 50% reduction in the percentage of people dissatisfied. Furthermore, the photochromic film significantly improved visual comfort indicated by a 10%–17% improvement in the useful daylight illuminance and a 9% reduction in peak discomfort glare probability.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".