Evaluation of Camellia oleifera seed saponins degradation in rice fields by UPLC-MS/MS method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Freshwater snails of the genus Pomacea , have been introduced worldwide with well-documented ecological and economic impacts. In rice, a crucial crop for global food security, apple snails have become a major pest. Chemical molluscicides, the most effective method of control, raise concerns due to their ecotoxicity. Exploring alternative, environmentally friendly plant-derived molluscicides, such as saponins from Camellia oleifera seeds, is therefore necessary. However, quantifying saponins in water remains challenging due to their structural diversity and the lack of reference materials. We developed a UPLC-MS/MS method, including a preconcentration Solid-Phase-Extraction step to improve sensitivity, for the determination of 17 selected saponins present in a commercial Camellia oleifera seed extract (COSE). Then, we investigated their degradation kinetics in rice fields water (16 sampling points in 6 rice fields, twice daily for 4 days, mean daytime water temperature > 25 °C). All saponins exhibited a similar degradation pattern, with concentrations gradually declining to near zero. The results indicate that saponins were readily degradable, with half-life (DT 50 ) ranging from 9.28 to 19.94 h. The maximum observed DT 90 (time for 90 % degradation) was 66.24 h. Our findings suggest that sealing rice fields for 96 h (4 days) after COSE application could be an effective method for controlling apple snail infestation while minimizing environmental impact in the Ebro Delta region. The UPLC-MS/MS method is thus a valuable tool for monitoring the fate of saponins in rice fields and the environment, enabling the development of effective saponin application strategies for controlling apple snails in rice fields. • Plant-derived saponins are widely used for controlling apple snails in rice fields. • Quantify saponins is challenging due to structural diversity and lack of standards. • A UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for semi-quantitative determination of saponins. • The 17 saponins (Tª > 25 °C) degraded rapidly to near zero in less than four days. • Method is valuable to monitor saponins in water and develop application strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".