Subcritical water extraction of hydrolyzed proteins from canola meal: Optimization of recovery and physicochemical properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to valorize hot-pressed, desolventized toasted canola meal by tailoring subcritical water extraction (SCW) conditions to enhance protein recovery while optimizing their physicochemical properties. A 3×3 face-centered central composite design using response surface methodology was applied to understand the interaction between extraction temperature (200-250°C), time (20-30 min), and feed concentration (5-20%) at 4.03 MPa pressure and their effects on protein recovery, degree of hydrolysis (DH), interfacial tension (IFT), and total phenolic content (TPC). The extracts displayed a maximum protein recovery of 68.9 wt% with a maximum DH of 14.1%. The extracted protein significantly reduced the IFT to a minimum of 4.0 mN/m. The extracts showed a high value of TPC (24.6 mg/g) and excellent antioxidative properties. Overall, it demonstrates the potential of SCW to transform low-value canola meals into high-value protein hydrolysates with enhanced surface activity and antioxidative properties for food and industrial applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".