Your Heart Can’t See What Sneakers You Are Wearing: Exercise Training Load in Endurance Athletes Is Inadequately Quantified in Sports Cardiology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Training load may be an important factor underlying the (patho-)physiologic cardiovascular adaptations from endurance exercise.Yet, quantifying training load remains challenging due to the complexity of its components (Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type [FITT]).In this systematic review we evaluate how training load has been quantified in sports cardiology studies and provide recommendations for how this can be improved.Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed and EMBASE up to October 2024.Studies involving "sports cardiology," "training load," and "endurance sport" were included.Data extraction included study characteristics, training load assessment methods, cardiovascular outcomes, and athlete profiles.Results: A total of 62 studies with 1,060,700 participants were included in our review.The majority of studies (59.7%) focused on exercise-induced cardiac remodelling, with other topics being cardiac arrhythmias (12.9%), cardiac autonomic adaptation (3.2%), exercise dose-response (6.5%), and coronary heart disease (17.7%).Training load was primarily quantified by questionnaires (58.1%), whereas heart rate monitoring, a more objective measure, was used in only R ESUM E Contexte : La charge d'entranement peut tre un facteur important sous-jacent aux adaptations cardiovasculaires (patho-)physiologiques de l'exercice d'endurance.Pourtant, la quantification de la charge d'entranement demeure complexe en raison de la complexit e de ses multiples composantes (Fr equence, Intensit e, Temps et Type [FITT]).Dans cette revue syst ematique, nous evaluons la manire dont la charge d'entranement a et e quantifi ee dans les etudes de cardiologie sportive et proposons des recommandations sur la manire d'am eliorer cette quantification.M ethodes : Une recherche exhaustive a et e effectu ee dans PubMed et EMBASE jusqu'en octobre 2024.Les etudes portant sur la cardiologie sportive, la charge d'entranement et les sports d'endurance ont et e incluses.L'extraction des donn ees a port e sur les caract eristiques des etudes, les m ethodes d' evaluation de la charge d'entranement, les cons equences cardiovasculaires et les profils des athltes.R esultats : Au total, 62 etudes avec 1 060 700 participants ont et e incluses dans notre analyse.La majorit e des etudes (59,7 %) portait sur le remodelage cardiaque induit par l'exercice, les autres sujets etant les arythmies cardiaques (12,9 %), l'adaptation cardiaqueRegular endurance exercise is a potent stimulus for structural, electrical, and functional cardiovascular adaptations.These physiologic adaptations-broadly termed exercise-induced cardiac remodelling (EICR)-are necessary to allow the cardiovascular system to meet the substantial hemodynamic and metabolic demands of endurance exercise and competition. 1,2
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.011 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".