Education, Control, and the Knowledge Economy in Southeast Asia’s Hybrid Regimes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many hybrid regimes are embracing economic upgrading as an engine of sustainable growth. Several of them have also successfully implemented economic liberalization while maintaining political stability. How do hybrid regimes achieve the goals of economic transformation and political stability simultaneously? I argue that one way they achieve this feat is by embedding institutional arrangements within partnership agreements between knowledge-based economic organizations and the state. Hybrid regimes grant these organizations broad autonomy to develop according to economic demands. However, when necessary, they can also draw upon these institutional arrangements to dexterously respond to shifting national interests. I apply this theoretical framework to international branch campuses (IBCs) in the hybrid regimes of Singapore and Malaysia. Leveraging archival materials, I examine the cases of Yale-NUS College in Singapore and the University of Nottingham Malaysia. I show that these IBCs have generally enjoyed wide-ranging autonomy in terms of course design and student activities. However, hybrid regimes can still activate institutional arrangements, such as state funding and mandatory course offerings, to (re)align IBC activities with dynamic regime needs. This research speaks to the political economy and political control literature to examine how hybrid regimes achieve economic liberalization without also allowing political liberalization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".