Characteristics of dog training companies and their services in British Columbia, Canada
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The information about dog training companies available on their websites varies in quality and clarity, which can affect how guardians choose a trainer. We collected and analysed information from public websites of dog training businesses in British Columbia (B.C.), Canada to learn about the training credentials, services, modes, and methods used. We recorded the number of trainers, gender, and training credentials of the lead trainer(s), reported training methodology, modes and types of training services, and whether other pet services were offered. We found 281 businesses operating in the province, and 72.24% were identified as using only reward-based training methods. It was more likely for reward-based training businesses than aversive-based businesses to list training credentials on their websites [ X 2 (1, N = 244) = 28.74, p <.001]. Most companies (98.22%) provided easily accessible information about the modes and type of training services offered. Online training was offered by 34.16% of companies. In terms of gender, and in line with previous research, we found that women outnumbered men as lead trainer. Women trainers were also more likely to employ reward-based methods [ X 2 (1, N = 264) = 20.19, p <.001] and to hold training credentials [ X 2 (1, N = 264) = 13.91, p <.001]. These findings provide a benchmark for future studies, as well as inform animal welfare advocacy and social change programs that aim to influence dog guardians to choose only reward-based trainers. • Identified 281 dog training businesses in British Columbia, Canada. • 72.24% of businesses said they used reward-based training methods. • Websites of reward-based businesses were more likely to include trainer credentials. • Women outnumbered men as lead trainers. • Women were more likely to use reward-based methods and hold credentials.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it