Explicit simulation of reactive microbial transport with a dual-permeability, two-site kinetic deposition formulation using the integrated surface-subsurface hydrological model HydroGeoSphere (rev. 2699)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Assessing the transport behavior of microbes in surface water-groundwater systems is important to prevent contamination of drinking water resources by pathogens. While wellhead protection area (WHPA) delineation is still predominantly based on dye injection tests and advective transport modeling, size exclusion of colloid-sized microbes from the smaller and usually less conductive pore space causes a faster breakthrough and thus faster apparent transport of microbes compared to that of solutes. To provide a tool for better assessment of the differences between solute and microbial transport in surface water-groundwater systems, we here present the implementation of a dual-permeability, two-site kinetic deposition formulation for microbial transport in the integrated surface-subsurface hydrological model HydroGeoSphere (HGS). The implementation considers attachment, detachment and inactivation of microbes in both permeability regions and allows for multispecies transport. The dual-permeability, two-site kinetic deposition implementation in HGS was verified against an analytical solution for dual-permeability colloid transport and the suitability of the model for microbial transport at the wellfield scale is illustrated in a multi-tracer flow and transport study of an idealized alluvial riverbank filtration site. In this illustrative example, the transport of reactive microbes, conservative 4He, and reactive 222Rn was simulated in parallel, allowing mixing ratios, tracer breakthrough curves and travel times to be assessed via multiple approaches. The developed simulation tool is the first integrated surface-subsurface hydrological simulator for reactive solute and microbial transport, and marks an important advancement to unlock and quantify governing microbial transport processes in riverbank filtration settings. It enables meaningful WHPA delineation and risk assessments even under extreme hydrological situations such as flood events.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".