THE PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT INVENTORY (PAI): A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF ITS USE IN THE LEGAL FIELD
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This systematic review study summarizes the available evidence on the use of the Personality Assessment Inventory in legal contexts, both with samples composed of accused and convicted persons, as well as with victims and plaintiffs. Following the PRISMA-P protocol, 131 articles that met the eligibility criteria were analyzed according to the subjects and psychometric properties investigated. Productivity was concentrated in a limited number of authors, institutions, countries, and journals. Most of the articles refer to the use of the PAI to analyze general personality and psychopathological characteristics, or psychometric properties of the instrument, in samples of middle-aged men in prisons in the United States and Canada. Research studies that use the PAI in samples of victims and women, and in Spanish-speaking legal contexts, emerge from this review as promising areas for future investigation. The development of these areas depends to a large extent on the cooperative capacity that legal, correctional, and security services achieve with academic research groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.048 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.016 | 0.015 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".