Oplan Tokhang and Stories of Childhood: Children across Literature and (Trans)Media Places during the Duterte Regime in the Philippines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the Philippines, children are one of the most vulnerable sectors disadvantaged by the past administration headed by former president Rodrigo Duterte. The Human Rights Watch reports that dozens of children have become victims of Oplan Tokhang, the president’s flagship program on the war against drugs since he claimed office in 2016 ( oplan is a slang for “plan” and tokhang is a play on Filipino words toktok or “knock” and hangyo or “plead”). This article seeks to explore the case of Filipino children and how they operate within literary, media, and socio-political dimensions. Selected works published during the Duterte regime, particularly those that tackle socio-political narratives, are presented. Afterward, the media representations of children in the news and on social media are discussed. The literary and media spaces provided for the concept of childhood are linked through Henry Jenkins’s concept of transmediality. By presenting storyworlds where children are at the center of navigation across narrative/nonnarrative media/nonmedia spaces, the meanings of childhood in the Philippines are unearthed from the transmedia place that these spaces create for the Filipino child.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.024 | 0.026 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".