Bibliographic record
Abstract
Trade more particularly international trade, in the nineteenth century experience of Great Britain (Salvatore 2004:186) and even earlier experience of Japan (Stigliz 2005: 12) amply demonstrate, has throughout been a growth-propeller for economies.Thus, International trade played a significant role in many others countries such as Australia, Canada, and certain Latin American countries such as Mexico and Brazil.However, the ever increasing development distance between the developed and developing economies and the continued subordination of the interest of the latter by the former group of nations have been of late a matter of great scholarly concern.Here and attempt has been made to identify the reasons for subordination of the developing countries by the developed economies.Attempt has also been made to emphasize the necessity of coming closer of the economies of South for preventing such unfavorable terms of trade experienced by the countries of South. TRADE AS THE ENGINE OF GROWTH:Trade, more particularly international trade, as the nineteenth century experience of Great Britain (Salvatore 2004:186) and the even earlier experience of Japan (Stigliz 2005: 12) amply demonstrate, has throughout been a growth-propeller for economies.By providing the productive sectors with the much needed stimulus and thereby unleashing the forces of production, trade functioned as an engine of economic growth.International trade played a significant role in many other countries such as Australia, Canada, and certain Latin American countries like Mexico and Brazil and African countries like South-Africa.Haberler, among others, has pointed to the following important beneficial effects that international trade can on economic development: International Trade & North-South Divide
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.133 | 0.034 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".