The influence of uppercase letter location on typing multiword passphrases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Organizational policies for passwords and passphrases require certain criteria, such as minimum length or uppercase letters, to be met, often resulting in a tradeoff between complexity and ease of typing. Uppercase letters, specifically, lead to slower and more error prone entries. Our present study examined their influence on the typing of three-word passphrases. We were interested in whether uppercase letter location, which should not influence passphrase security, would influence its typing. Passphrases with no uppercase letter were typed more accurately and quickly than passphrases with an uppercase letter. Importantly, passphrases with an uppercase letter in the second word were more likely to be typed incorrectly, and were typed more slowly when entered correctly. Our findings are consistent with the linguistic information of adjacent words influencing the output of the word being typed, where an altered second word interfered with the output of both the first and second words.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".