Investigating the impact of spring (Vrn-A1) and winter (vrn-A1) vernalization alleles on frost tolerance induced by light spectrum and low temperatures in different wheat backgrounds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The need for exposure to low, but non-freezing temperatures is a common aspect of both cold acclimation and vernalization, suggesting a possible link between these two processes. Cold hardiness levels are regulated by the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) regulon, whereas vernalization requirements are influenced by vernalization genes ( VRN s). The VRN1 gene has an epistatic effect on the CBF regulon, reducing frost tolerance during post-vernalization. It is widely acknowledged that, apart from low temperature, light also serves as an external signal influencing the expression of CBF genes indicating that photoperiod and light quality play important roles in regulating cold acclimation processes. For instance, frost-tolerant winter wheat illuminated by white light with additional far-red light increases frost resistance due to low red:far-red (R:FR) ratio. However, information regarding the regulation or influence of VRN1 gene on the light quality induced frost tolerance is currently lacking. In the present study, reciprocal near-isogenic lines (NILs) produced from crossing the non-hardy spring-habit ( Vrn-A1 ) cultivar ‘Manitou’ with the very cold-hardy winter-habit ( vrn-A1 ) cultivar ‘Norstar’ were used. Our objective was to investigate how winter/spring VRN1 alleles ( vrn-A1 / Vrn-A1 ), inserted in the same genetic background, affect wheat frost tolerance under different spectral illuminations at temperatures of 15 °C and 5 °C. Based on freezing tests and the cold-related gene expressions patterns, it appears that the light-induced frost tolerance does not completely depend on VRN1 gene expression but is strongly dependent on the background. Additionally, the presence of the spring allele is capable of sensitizing an otherwise frost-tolerant genotype to frost. • Light-induced frost tolerance depends on the genetic background and allelic variation of VRN-A1 . • VRN1 expression reduces light-induced frost tolerance, regardless of background. • FR and B light supplementation is more effective in winter wheat. • B light effectively induces frost tolerance at 15°C but can be detrimental at 5°C. • CBF14 correlated with frost tolerance but was not involved in light regulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".