Lead-free single and dual-filler loaded polychloroprene X-ray shielding nanocomposites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flexible polymers loaded with metal particles other than Pb are emerging composites for X-ray shielding applications. In this study, the X-ray radiation shielding performance of bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ) and barium sulfate (BaSO 4 ) metal particles embedded in polychloroprene (CR) matrix was evaluated with X-ray tube voltages of 80, 120 and 135 kVp. BaSO 4 and Bi 2 O 3 micro- and nanoparticle were synthesized and successfully loaded (0 – 60 parts per hundred, phr) as singular and dual functional additive of CR matrix . At 80 kVp, CR loaded with BaSO 4 particles (Ba-CR) showed enhanced attenuation capabilities (linear attenuation coefficient, μ = 2.56 cm -1 ). However, at 120 and 135 kVp, Bi-CR composites showed better shielding performance (μ = 1.813 cm -1 and μ = 1.621 cm -1 at 120 and 135 kVp, respectively). The dual-filler composites (Ba/Bi-CR composites) have shown a synergistic effect at 20 phr particle loading (10Ba/10Bi-CR), showing enhanced attenuation in nearly all tube voltages. The results of the study pointed out a promising potential for CR composites with BaSO 4 and/or Bi 2 O 3 additives for lead-free X-ray protective material with more flexibility, light weightiness, and environmentally friendly attributes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".