Expansion of the <i>MutS</i> gene family in plants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The widely distributed MutS gene family functions in recombination, DNA repair, and protein translation. Multiple evolutionary processes have expanded this gene family in plants relative to other eukaryotes. Here, we investigate the origins and functions of these plant-specific genes. Cyanobacterial-like MutS1 and MutS2 genes were ancestrally gained via plastid endosymbiotic gene transfer. MutS1 was subsequently lost in seed plants, whereas MutS2 was duplicated in Viridiplantae (i.e. land plants and green algae). Viridiplantae also have 2 anciently duplicated copies of the eukaryotic MSH6 gene and acquired MSH1 via horizontal gene transfer-potentially from a nucleocytovirus. Despite sharing a name, "plant MSH1" is not directly related to the MSH1 gene in some fungi and animals, which may be an ancestral eukaryotic gene acquired via mitochondrial endosymbiosis and subsequently lost in most eukaryotes. There has been substantial progress in understanding the functions of plant MSH1 and MSH6 genes, but the cyanobacterial-like MutS1 and MutS2 genes remain uncharacterized. Known functions of bacterial homologs and predicted protein structures, including fusions to diverse nuclease domains, provide hypotheses about potential molecular mechanisms. Because most plant-specific MutS proteins are mitochondrial and/or plastid-targeted, the expansion of this family has played a large role in shaping plant organelle genetics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".