Envelope Statistics Analysis of M-mode Signals in Lung Ultrasound for Distinguishing Stratosphere from Seashore Signs: A Preliminary Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
M-mode ultrasound images of a healthy lung exhibit a seashore pattern containing a sandy sign resulted from the lung sliding while those of a pneumothorax have a stratosphere pattern (barcode sign) indicating the lung sliding absence. In this study, the envelope statistics analysis, which is commonly used for B-mode images, was applied to lung ultrasound M-mode images to quantify the difference between the seashore and stratosphere patterns. A probability density function of the envelope data of the M-mode images was modeled by a Rice distribution to quantify the difference of coherent component in the chest wall region (mimicking pseudo barcode sign) and incoherent component in the healthy lung region (sandy sign). An in-vivo experiment with a healthy volunteer showed that the Rice scale parameters of the pseudo barcode sign in the chest wall region were greater than those of the sandy sign in the lung region. The result indicates the potential of the envelope statistics analysis of M-mode signals using the Rice distribution for distinguishing the barcode sign from the sandy sign quantitatively, to automatically detect the pneumothorax.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".