Effect of sodium occupancy and solute concentration on the swelling pressure and hydraulic conductivity of Boom Clay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The poorly indurated Boom Clay (BC) has been studied as a potential host formation for the geological disposal of radioactive waste including the intermediate-level long-lived bituminized radioactive waste called Eurobitum. In case of leaching of Eurobitum, fluids with altered chemical compositions would be expected to infiltrate locally into the BC. To evaluate the effect of salinity on the BC hydromechanical behaviour, a series of one-dimensional constant-volume swelling tests were conducted on intact BC samples that were first percolated with mixed sodium-calcium-nitrate solutions ((Na, Ca)NO3) with varying sodium concentrations, resulting in varying Na+ occupancies in the clay. Results showed that the swelling pressure of BC decreased with an increase in the solute concentration and sodium occupancy. Additionally, higher Na+ concentrations led to a faster stabilization of the swelling pressure. The hydraulic conductivity of BC increased with increasing solute concentration and sodium occupancy. Moreover, the sodium occupancy and concentration affected the swelling pressure and hydraulic conductivity in a similar way. This phenomenon could be elucidated by two primary mechanisms: (i) the influence of solute concentration on the diffuse double layer, and (ii) the effect of cation type and hydrated radius within the interbasal space of montmorillonite sheets, especially concerning sodium occupancy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".