Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Chapters in this Part introduce readers to the multifaceted and interconnected governance aspects of tax, trade, and investment regimes. Navigating these regimes, states find themselves contending with conflicting and sometimes mutually exclusive policy choices, necessitating difficult tradeoffs among internal goals as well as between domestic and international goals. The chapters demonstrate that there is very little policy coherence across the global regulatory areas, and that policymakers do not always seem to acknowledge the inconsistency of their own approaches in each area. In some cases, national policy choices respecting cross-border taxation seem to conflict directly with competing national policy goals in cross-border trade and investment. In other cases, national policy choices in one area seem to be constrained by pre-existing international obligations in another. Sometimes, national policy choices seem wholly constrained by historical international ones. When a need for reform in one area arises, multilaterally embedded policy choices in the other areas may interfere if not prevent reform. Each chapter in this Part examines various aspects of these conflicts, with an eye to understanding the legal, social, economic, and distributive aspects of the contemporary tax, trade, and investment landscape.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.445 | 0.281 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".