Sulfur improves cookie-making quality by modulating protein composition and structure in wheat grown under shading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The components and structures of proteins critically determine the food-use properties of wheat. However, the mechanism by which sulfur affects the protein structures and cookie-making quality of wheat grown under shading remains elusive. Here, we evaluated the combined effects of inorganic sulfur supplementation (0, 50, and 100 kg S ha −1 ) and shading (pre- and post-anthesis shading) on the protein structures and cookie-making quality of strong-gluten (Chuanmai 39; CM39) and weak-gluten (Cangmai 34; CM34) cultivars. Shade stress decreased the ω-/(α, β, γ)-gliadin and high-molecular-weight subunit (HMW-GS)/low-molecular-weight subunit (LMW-GS) glutenin ratios, with more significant effects were observed in CM34 than in CM39. In shaded environments, sulfur increased the glutenin/gliadin and HMW-GS/LMW-GS ratios. Secondary and tertiary structural analysis revealed that sulfur increased the β-turn, disulfide bonds , ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions in the proteins of wheat under shading. The consequent modifications increased the gluten performance index, essential amino acid index and biological value of the proteins, and decreased cookie hardness. Our results revealed that sulfur improves cookie texture and protein nutritional value by regulating amino-acid profiles and protein composition and structure. These findings provide a promising approach for achieving superior cookie texture in the context of global dimming.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".