Bibliographic record
Abstract
Schools for horse-and buggy Old Order Mennonite students have shown steady growth in the United States and Canada. In 1966, there were 34 schools located in Pennsylvania and Ontario. At that time, the majority of them were one-teacher schools led by a female teacher with an average of 27.4 pupils per teacher. By 1980, there were 138 schools located in nine states and Ontario. The majority were one-teacher schools led by a female teacher with an average of 24.2 students per teacher. By the 2022–2023 school year, there were 427 schools with an average of 14.7 pupils per teacher located in 14 states and three provinces. The majority of teachers were female, and the two-teacher school was now the most common type of school. Other key changes by the 2022–2023 school year were the number of schools with a special education teacher—52 schools (12% of all schools)—and the use of helpers (teaching assistants) in 22% of the schools. The growth rate of Old Order Mennonite schools was approximately seven new schools per year from 1966 through 2022.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".