A Standardized <i>Boswellia serrata</i> Extract Improves Knee Joint Function and Cartilage Morphology in Human Volunteers with Mild to Moderate Osteoarthritis in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and objective Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. (Family: Burseraceae; Genus: Boswellia) gum resin (Salai guggul) has profound therapeutic value in Ayurvedic and Unani medicines in alleviating several chronic inflammatory illnesses, including arthritis, asthma, skin and blood diseases, fever, etc. SN13108F (Aflapin®) is a proprietary, standardized Boswellia serrata gum resin extract. This 180-day randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study aimed to evaluate cartilage morphology using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pain and joint function and long-term safety in the SN13108F-supplemented volunteers with knee osteoarthritis (KOA).Materials and methods Eighty adult male and female subjects with the Kellgren-Lawrence grade II - III KOA were supplemented with SN13108F (100 mg/day) or a matched placebo for 180 consecutive days.Results SN13108F reduced (p < 0.001; vs. baseline and placebo) Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, Visual Analogue Scale, Lequesne’s Functional Index scores, improved six-minute walk test, and stair climb test. Post-trial MRI assessments of the tibiofemoral joints revealed that the cartilage volume, thickness, and joint space width were increased (p < 0.001; vs. placebo), and levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinase-3, Fibulin-3, type II collagen degradation peptide in serum, and cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen in urine were significantly reduced (p < 0.001; vs. baseline and placebo) in the SN13108F-supplemented subjects. Hematology, complete serum biochemistry, urine analysis, and the participants’ vital signs did not alter between the groups.Conclusion SN13108F supplementation is safe, and it mitigates joint pain and improves musculoskeletal function and cartilage morphology in KOA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".