Numerical Investigation into the Stress Evolution and Failure Mechanism of Deep-Buried Hard Rock Under Blasting Loads
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the production activities continue progressing into deeper underground spaces, the rising ground stress poses new challenges in the fracturing of hard rock. Previous research mostly focused on the outer actions of blasting on conventional rock mass, while research on the inner actions of blasting via discrete element method (DEM) is relatively scarce, especially for deep-buried hard rocks under high ground stress. Relying on the pre-cracking project of hard rock protective layer in the thousand-meter deep well of Pingdingshan coal mine, this paper aims to numerically investigate the fracture mechanism of deep-buried hard rock under blasting loads via DEM. To this end, the algorithm of simulating explosion load is improved. The improved algorithm ensures a more reliable correspondence between numerical results and engineering practice, significantly enhancing the accuracy and credibility of calculations. After the calibration of mesoscopic parameters on the basis of laboratory tests, a series of parametric study, including confining pressure, peak blast stress and lateral stress coefficient, have been performed to understand the effects of in-situ stress on the behaviors of rock blasting. The obtained numerical results exhibit that confining pressure inhibits the fracture growth: under low confining pressure, confining pressure mainly inhibits the development of fractures in sparsely fractured zone while the crack growth in densely fractured zone and crushed zone is also inhibited under high confining pressure. According to the stress state, hoop peak stress is more sensitive to confining pressure than radial peak stress. Rock breakage in the vicinity of blasthole is essentially controlled by the radial peak stress, while crack propagation in the far-field is mainly induced by the hoop peak stress. With different lateral stress coefficients, the failure characteristics of rock mass are principally related to the hoop stresses in the vertical direction. The obtained numerical results and mesoscopic analysis are capable of providing new insights into the fracturing mechanism of deep-buried hard rock.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".