Artificial Intelligence Driven Smart Farming for Accurate Detection of Potato Diseases: A Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Agriculture can ensure food security and enhance monetary benefits if practiced with modern technologies and supported with artificial intelligence (AI). Modern advancements in farming practices have revolutionized the production of food vegetation. However, crop cultivation faces several threats including insect and pest attacks and disease infections on plant leaves. For example, one of the most consumed foods vegetables universally—potatoes, are vulnerable to diseases like Late Blight (LB), Early Blight (EB), and others. These infections must be controlled to enhance food quality and yield. Conventional disease detection techniques are slow and depend on human involvement, which may be laborious and erroneous. However, AI tools, for instance, Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), offer precise and well-timed solutions for disease detection, classification, and eradication. A comprehensive review of literature has been conducted by examining over 400 articles to focus on 72 studies including 14 reviews publications on ML and DL models about potato disease forecasting using different techniques. It highlights the need for proficient disease control by integrating image and climate data. It further aids in addressing challenges like data availability and geographical variations. It has been learned that image-processing techniques overwhelm the existing research and have the potential to integrate meteorological data. The most widely used algorithms incorporate Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and MobileNet with accuracy rates between 64.3 and 100%. The importance of accurate disease detection and eradication has been reported for food security, financial stability, and sustainable farming practices. Progressions in disease forecasts aid farmers in making informed decisions, minimizing crop losses, and reducing pesticide use through targeted application of agrochemicals with the use of AI-driven variable rate sprayers. This leads to healthier crops, market stability, and a more sustainable farming environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".