Biodistance Analysis via Dental Phenotypic Diversity in Early Collective Burials at Cerro Juan Díaz, Panamá (30–650 <scp>CE</scp>) [Análisis de Biodistancia Mediante la Diversidad Fenotípica Dental en los Entierros Colectivos Tempranos del Cerro Juan Díaz, Panamá (30–650 <scp>EC</scp>)]
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Burial space reuse and prolonged interaction with the dead were common practices in the Isthmo-Colombian Area, dating back to at least the Early Ceramic Period in the Greater Coclé region. However, biological and social relationships of individuals interred in collective burial contexts remain unclear. Here, we explore intra-cemetery biological variation through a biological distance analysis of individuals interred in large mortuary features from the first mortuary horizon at the site of Cerro Juan Díaz in Panamá. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Individuals recovered from Features 2, 16, and 94 from Operation 3 at Cerro Juan Díaz were assessed for dental metric and nonmetric traits. Biological distances were calculated through Gower coefficients and subsequently assessed visually with PCoA plots. Differences in phenotypic variability within burial feature (n = 26), age (postpubescent individuals aged 15+ years vs. prepubescent individuals; n = 27), and sex (n = 14) groupings were evaluated statistically via permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and PERMDISP tests. RESULTS: The estimated distances for each individual showed broad similarities between the three burial features. Significant differences in biological distance were found only when comparing by age. Gower coefficients for prepubescent individuals differed from those of postpubescent individuals in terms of both group centroid location and data point dispersion around centroids. DISCUSSION: Our results are largely consistent with previous notions of Cerro Juan Díaz's function as a community burial ground. Prepubescent individuals may have been brought to the site for burial from nearby villages, perhaps following specific mortuary traditions governed by age group.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".