Latitudinal response of the Ionosphere to geomagnetic disturbances in 2021
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study investigates the impact of geomagnetic disturbances on total electron content (TEC) across different latitudes.GPS satellite signals experience time delays when passing through the ionosphere which is quantified as TEC.This study utilized TEC data from three IGS stations-Bangalore (India), North Liberty (United States), and Saskatoon (Canada)-representing low, mid, and high latitudes respectively.The TEC variations were analyzed for two disturbed days in 2021: January 25 and August 27, which had ΣKp values of 22 and 26.Data from quiet days in the same month were used as a baseline to calculate percentage changes.Results show significant TEC increases during disturbed days, with maximum percentage changes ranging from 38% to 125%.These changes were more pronounced at mid and high latitudes, indicating a stronger geomagnetic impact in these regions.This research highlights the sensitivity of ionospheric TEC to geomagnetic disturbances and its spatial variability, providing insights into ionospheric behavior crucial for improving navigation and communication systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".