Modelling of sub-ionospheric VLF signal propagation during a solar flare: an autonomous approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The sub-ionospheric Very Low Frequency (VLF) signal propagation effects is a well established tool to investigate D-region ionosphere, especially during solar flare effects.We institute an integrated multistage model to simulate VLF signal during solar flares.Firstly, we autonomously solve 'D-region electron continuity equation (DECE)' and obtain electron density profile (N e ).Secondly, we extract Wait's parameters from N e using numerical fitting techniques.Thirdly, we simulate VLF signal amplitude profile (A sim ) using Long Wave Propagation Capability (LWPC) framework with the help of the Wait's parameters.Lastly, we compare A sim with its observational counterpart (A obs ).For performing the entire analysis, we choose a C3.2-class solar flare whose VLF signal response was recorded at the receiving station of Indian Centre for Space Physics (ICSP) for two transmitter signals, namely, VTX/18.2kHz and NWC/19.8kHz.We report an agreement between A sim and A obs .We discuss the justified limitations of the model and conclude.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".