Radio-frequency Interference Characterization and Mitigation for SARAS Experiment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
From the Big Bang to the present, over the last 14 billion years, the Universe has undergone a series of crucial transformations.The emergence of the first stars and galaxies -called the Cosmic Dawn (CD) -and the subsequent ionization of the Universe, referred to as the epoch of reionization (EoR), constitute one such crucial period in cosmic evolution history.This period led to the formation of further structures that evolved into the Universe we see today.Very little is known about this crucial period due to the lack of observations.The 21-cm (1420 MHz) hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen, redshifted to a frequency range of 40 MHz to 200 MHz from these cosmic times, has been recognized as an important probe of the physics of CD/EoR.Detection of this signal will provide insights into the properties of the first sources that lit up the Universe.Worldwide, there are several experiments to detect this elusive signal: SARAS (RRI, India), EDGES (US), PRIzM (Canada), High-z (US), and LEDA (US).In addition, several more experiments are being developed and commissioned.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".